In 1866, Otto Wecherer demonstrated the presence of filiria, or filiria larva, in urine. In 1871, Timoth Lewis discovered the presence of microfilaria in peripheral blood; later, in 1876, Joseph Bancroft discovered the adult form. Finally in 1878, Patrick Manson observed the development of Wechereria bancrofti in mosquitos.
how could filariasis infected?
filariasis or elephantiasis is a group of infectious disease caused by infection with filarial worms, there are 3 kinds of worm which very highly [potential to infecting this disease. they are Wuchereria brancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia Timori. These parasites are transmitted to humans through various species of mosquitoes, the bite of an infected mosquito which consist of the parasite (larvae) will spread and develop into adult worms in the lymphatic vessels, causing severe damage and swelling.
This disease is chronic and if not treated, can caused permanent disabilities such as enlargement of the legs, arms and genital both women and men. Elephantiasis is not a deadly disease. however, it may disturb the patients because can cause something that feel shameful even can interfere with daily activities.
Epidemiology
Filariasis is endemic in tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central and South America. It is extremely rare in Western countries.
Epidemiology
Filariasis is endemic in tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central and South America. It is extremely rare in Western countries.
Pathology
The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis.
obstruction of lymphatic system
elephantitis (swelling in the genitals or thighs)
Clinicopathological types
lymphatic filariasis
Types of helminth
Loa
Loa loa
Wuchereria
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
zootic north american Brugia
Mansonella
Mansonella ozzardi
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella streptocerca
Onchocerca volvulus
zoonotic filariasis (zoonotic filarial nematode infection)
Dirofilarial immitis infection
north american Brugia infection
diagnosis:
The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis.
obstruction of lymphatic system
elephantitis (swelling in the genitals or thighs)
Clinicopathological types
lymphatic filariasis
Types of helminth
Loa
Loa loa
Wuchereria
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
zootic north american Brugia
Mansonella
Mansonella ozzardi
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella streptocerca
Onchocerca volvulus
zoonotic filariasis (zoonotic filarial nematode infection)
Dirofilarial immitis infection
north american Brugia infection
diagnosis:
Filariasis can be enforced in Clinical; is, if someone suspects filariasis in the signs and symptoms of acute or chronic; with finger blood tests done beginning at 20:00 pm local time, someone stated the filariasis patients, when the dosage was found in thick blood microfilariae. Prevention; is to try to avoid mosquito bites vector (reducing contacts with the vector), for example by using mosquito nets while sleeping bull will, close the vents houses with mosquito netting, use insect repellent mosquito repellent spray or a baker, lubricate the skin with anti-mosquito drugs, or by way of eradicating mosquitoes; with clean water plants in the marsh which is a breeding place of mosquitoes, stockpiling, draining or flowing water as mosquito breeding places; clean up the bushes around the house.
Pathophysiology
O volvulus has a 5-stage life cycle, and humans are the only definitive hosts. Simulium black flies are obligate intermediate hosts and release infective-stage larvae during a blood meal. In the human host, the larvae molt twice to become male and female adult worms. This process occurs in subcutaneous nodules known as onchocercomata, and a mature female can produce microfilariae after 6-12 months.
Female worm length ranges from 30-80 cm, and more than 1 worm may be coiled in a subcutaneous nodule. Male adult worms are usually 3-5 cm in length and migrate between various subcutaneous nodules to inseminate females. Over a life span of up to 14 years, the female worms produce 700-1900 microfilariae daily.
Microfilariae are usually 220-360 µm in length. When released from the female, microfilariae can migrate throughout the subcutaneous tissues and skin; they have a particular affinity for ocular tissues. When microfilariae are ingested in the blood meal of the black fly, they pass through 2 molts in a 2- to 3-week period to become infective-stage larvae.
Microfilariae live for 6-30 months; most die without completing their life cycle. Symptoms of onchocerciasis are caused by localized host inflammatory responses to the dead or dying microfilariae. In persons with heavy infection, as many as 100,000 microfilariae die each day. The predominant immune response is production of antibodies, but cellular responses, particularly those of eosinophils, are important.
Treatment:
conducted mass endemic area by using the drug Carbamazine Diethyl Citrate (DEC) combined with Albenzol once a year for five? 10 years, to prevent side reactions such as fever, given Paracetamol; dose of medication for a drink is, DEC 6 mg / kg / body weight, Albenzol albenzol 400 mg (one tablet); treatment is stopped eg when Mf rate had reached <1%; individuals / selective; performed on clinical cases, both early stage and advanced stage, type and drug cases depending on the circumstances.
Pathophysiology
O volvulus has a 5-stage life cycle, and humans are the only definitive hosts. Simulium black flies are obligate intermediate hosts and release infective-stage larvae during a blood meal. In the human host, the larvae molt twice to become male and female adult worms. This process occurs in subcutaneous nodules known as onchocercomata, and a mature female can produce microfilariae after 6-12 months.
Female worm length ranges from 30-80 cm, and more than 1 worm may be coiled in a subcutaneous nodule. Male adult worms are usually 3-5 cm in length and migrate between various subcutaneous nodules to inseminate females. Over a life span of up to 14 years, the female worms produce 700-1900 microfilariae daily.
Microfilariae are usually 220-360 µm in length. When released from the female, microfilariae can migrate throughout the subcutaneous tissues and skin; they have a particular affinity for ocular tissues. When microfilariae are ingested in the blood meal of the black fly, they pass through 2 molts in a 2- to 3-week period to become infective-stage larvae.
Microfilariae live for 6-30 months; most die without completing their life cycle. Symptoms of onchocerciasis are caused by localized host inflammatory responses to the dead or dying microfilariae. In persons with heavy infection, as many as 100,000 microfilariae die each day. The predominant immune response is production of antibodies, but cellular responses, particularly those of eosinophils, are important.
conducted mass endemic area by using the drug Carbamazine Diethyl Citrate (DEC) combined with Albenzol once a year for five? 10 years, to prevent side reactions such as fever, given Paracetamol; dose of medication for a drink is, DEC 6 mg / kg / body weight, Albenzol albenzol 400 mg (one tablet); treatment is stopped eg when Mf rate had reached <1%; individuals / selective; performed on clinical cases, both early stage and advanced stage, type and drug cases depending on the circumstances.
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